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The European Commission is strongly committed to promote open science as the modus operandi for all researchers in Europe.

In 2014, the European Commission made open access to scientific publications mandatory for all research and innovation projects funded under Horizon 2020, the European Union"s research and innovation funding programme for the period 2014¨C2020 (budget of nearly €80 billion).

Moreover, specific Horizon 2020 calls for proposals directly addressed the challenges of responsible open science and research data sharing, including open access, ethics and integrity perspectives, citizen science, science communication and the development of the European Open Science Cloud.

For the period 2021¨C2027, the European Commission has developed a comprehensive open science policy and extended the range of measures supporting the uptake of open science practices through the Horizon Europe programme (budget of nearly €100 billion). Open science is embedded into the Horizon Europe evaluation system in both the criteria for ¡°Excellence¡± (quality of open science practices and data management) and the ¡°Quality and efficiency of implementation¡± criteria. Distinction is made between mandatory and recommended practices, thus ensuring minimum compliance while encouraging beneficiaries to incorporate additional good practices. Legal provisions in the grant agreements are also used to strengthen open access rights and responsibilities. Several Horizon Europe calls for proposals continue to advance knowledge on and uptake of open science policies and practices, tools and guidelines as well as supporting infrastructures and services.

Open science infrastructures funded by the European Commission notably include:

• European Open Science Cloud (EOSC, ), prototyped since 2018 as a federated environment of existing research infrastructures in Europe. This environment, which is progressively built as a public good, aims to support the full data life cycle for scientific research by providing seamless access to Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR) data and services for science,and
• Open Research Europe (ORE), an open access and open peer-reviewed publication platform. The use of ORE is not obligatory for EU-funded research projects but enables automatic compliance with the open access requirements of Horizon Europe as well as the open peer-review and early sharing recommended practices, with no author fees.