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Interoperability refers to the ways in which data is formatted and described, such that diverse datasets can be used together, merged or aggregated in meaningful ways. Interoperability frameworks, based on consistent and widely adopted standards, are considered essential for both established domains and emerging cross-domain research areas of global importance (European Commission 2018a).

Coordinated by the Committee on Data of the International Science Council (CODATA, ) with the Research Data Alliance association as a major partner, the WorldFAIR project () is intended to advance implementation of the FAIR data principles, in particular those for interoperability. The two-year project, launched in 2022, is funded by the European Commission through its Horizon Europe Framework Programme and was exceptionally permitted to include beneficiaries outside the European Union in order to develop global cooperation. The project is a collaboration between 19 partners from 13 countries including research institutions and scholarly organizations from Africa, Australasia, Europe and North and South America.

The major output will be the Cross-Domain Interoperability Framework, supported by a set of recommendations for FAIR implementation and assessment for a range of domain and cross-domain research areas. These recommendations are solidly based on a set of 11 case studies from the physical, social, agricultural and environmental sciences and the cultural heritage sector: each case study has prepared FAIR Implementation Profiles that describe their current and aspirational FAIR practices. This will lead to, and help inform, a fuller mapping of current best practices and emerging solutions and initiatives for FAIR data in these domains.

The Global Open Science Cloud initiative (GOSC, ) and other activities in the ISC CODATA Decadal Programme ¡®Making Data Work for Cross-Domain Grand Challenges¡¯ are addressing topics around large-scale data interoperability across domain and institutional boundaries. The purpose of GOSC is to provide a platform for cooperation, alignment and ultimately interoperability among open science e-infrastructure initiatives around the world.