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Higher education in Africa is at an important turning point, shaped by the continent’s dynamic youth population and pressing development challenges. With over 400 million young people aged between 15 and 35, Africa boasts the youngest population in the world, offering a unique opportunity to harness this potential for economic growth and innovation. 

Yet, significant barriers persist, including low enrolment rates in tertiary education, inadequate alignment between academic programmes and labour market demands, and the underrepresentation of women in academia and leadership roles across African higher education institutions, particularly in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) fields. 

The status and future of higher education in Africa were discussed at UNESCO’s Forum on Higher Education in Africa held in Nairobi, Kenya, in December 2024.

• Wrap-up article on the Forum's outcomes

Young people are Africa’s greatest asset. With 75% of Africans under 35, the continent’s younger generation holds the key to unlocking significant economic growth, innovation and sustainable development – if well-educated and equipped with the right skills. 

It is also  that between 2020 and 2040, the number of young Africans completing secondary or tertiary education is expected to double, from 103 million to 240 million. 

Higher education systems must be ready to meet the growing demand for academia to drive sustainable development and economic transformation and to address pressing challenges like youth unemployment, economic inequality, and climate change. Higher education encourages innovation, research, and development in important fields like health, agriculture, and technology. 

While enrolment in higher education is on the rise and more than doubled between 2000-2021 (from 4% to 9%), . 

Youth unemployment and under-employment are reaching alarming levels. Each year, 11 million African young people enter the job market but over 40% lack the skills needed for employment, pushing many into unemployment or the informal sector. . 

Gender disparities also persist, particularly in STEM fields. Additionally, underinvestment within African higher education in research and development limits Africa’s capacity for innovation, particularly in critical fields like health, agriculture, and technology.  Africa invests only , compared to the global average of 1.79%.

With coordinated efforts, Africa’s higher education systems can become engines of growth, addressing pressing social and economic needs while fostering a globally competitive, knowledge-driven economy.

Higher education can enhance opportunities for quality jobs by aligning academic programmes with labour markets demands and fostering innovation. This particularly concerns technical and vocational education and training (TVET), which currently , far below the global average.

As global challenges increasingly require local solutions, Africa’s universities and technical institutions have a critical role to play. By modernizing curricula and promoting stronger partnerships between academia and industry, higher education institutions can prepare students for jobs and entrepreneurship opportunities in emerging sectors like the green and digital economies.

UNESCO leads on initiatives to enhance the quality, inclusivity, and relevance of higher education systems across Africa. Key programmes include:

• Campus Africa: This initiative is dedicated to building a future-focused higher education sector across the continent. It is focused on developing integrated, inclusive, and high-quality tertiary education systems that reimagine African institutions as engines of innovation, sustainability, and social development.
• China Funds in Trust project (CFIT III): Benefiting over 13,000 youth and training 800 educators, this project focuses on higher technical education in Africa and aims to enhance the capacity of higher education institutions (HEIs) to respond to the skill needs for the labour market and national development.
• Addis Convention: the Revised Convention on the Recognition of Studies, Certificates, Diplomas, Degrees and Other Academic Qualifications in Higher Education in African States (Addis Convention) entered into force on 15 December 2019 and has been ratified by 14 countries. By ratifying the Convention, countries commit to implementing actions to ensure fair and transparent evaluation of higher education qualifications in the African region to facilitate inter-university cooperation and exchange through the mobility of students, researchers and faculty.
• UNESCO also collaborates with African governments and institutions to improve quality assurance, data collection, and gender equity in education.

Student mobility within Africa has increased significantly, with 14 State Parties ratifying the Addis Convention to facilitate the recognition of qualifications. This has encouraged exchanges amongst students, researchers and faculty, laying the foundation for a more integrated higher education system. These efforts broaden learning opportunities and strengthen socio-economic ties across Africa.

Women’s participation in higher education, and particularly in STEM fields, is vital for addressing Africa’s development challenges and ensuring gender equity, inclusive growth and sustainable development. Progress is being made:  30% of science professionals in Africa are women, and female enrolment in STEM courses is rising. Yet, more targeted efforts are needed to achieve full gender parity and ensure equitable access in higher education for all. UNESCO supports initiatives to further increase female enrolment in higher education, empowering women to contribute to innovation and leadership.