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The study  is a result of two years of extensive research and consultations with a wide range of stakeholders. It responds to a for UNESCO to examine the national policies, practices and funding programmes related to Indigenous Peoples and the media. This work contributes to the implementation of Article 16 of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), which affirms the right of Indigenous Peoples to create their own media in their languages, access non-Indigenous media without discrimination, and calls on states to ensure both public and private media reflect Indigenous cultural diversity.

As the comprehensive mapping of media for and by Indigenous Peoples to date, the study collected responses from 308 Indigenous media organizations across 74 countries and 128 non-Indigenous media outlets in 41 countries through a global survey. It also incorporates a literature review that analyzed 303 academic papers, 51 policy documents and 35 media guidelines, which underscore significant limitations in global research, resulting in lack of critical evidence for policymakers to take informed decisions. 

Another pillar of this study is an English-language media monitoring from 2023 onwards, revealing more than 1.4 million articles on Indigenous issues, with a cumulative audience reach estimated at 3.3 billion. Data reveals that while coverage is increasing and sentiment is slowly shifting, challenges remain around stereotyping, underrepresentation and a lack of Indigenous voices in non-Indigenous narratives.

Alongside the data collection, the study draws on extensive input gathered through multi-stakeholder consultations. These discussions brought together Indigenous media practitioners, UN entities, academics, and civil society actors to validate findings, share insights and co-develop recommendations grounded in good practices.

Among the key findings from the global survey:

Indigenous Peoples’ content is essential to advancing media development. By bringing in their voices, their cultural expression, languages and knowledge into the media landscape, indigenous voices strengthen media pluralism and diversity, and help media more accurately reflect society. A thriving media landscape depends on the representation and amplification of Indigenous narratives, ensuring exchange of ideas across audiences:

• Most Indigenous media are community-driven: 61% were founded by Indigenous Peoples.

• Radio remains the dominant platform among Indigenous media (34%), followed by digital-only (23%) and hybrid formats (17%).

• Majority operates with minimal human resources: 70% of Indigenous media outlets employ fewer than 10 paid staff; nearly one in four have no paid staff at all and work on voluntary basis.

• 73% of Indigenous media cite a lack of financial resources, limiting their reach and digital expansion. 51% face challenges that are related to high equipment costs. 

• 20% of Indigenous media report to the tribal or community councils. This could raise considerations regarding their editorial independence, accountability and self-monitoring.

Despite the potential value of using Indigenous languages in the media to reach both Indigenous audiences and the public interested in Indigenous issues, this potential has not been adequately explored:

• Use of Indigenous languages is present in Indigenous radio (84%) and digital outlets (82%), while only 47% of non-Indigenous media use Indigenous languages, often only where quotas apply. 

• 16% of non-Indigenous media are obliged to publish Indigenous language by quotas. 

• 32% of Indigenous media broadcast daily programmes and 24% offer permanent programmes in Indigenous languages. 

Differences in representation and editorial practices have been observed across non-Indigenous media outlets.

• 25% of non-Indigenous outlets have no editorial guidelines related to Indigenous issues.

• One in five rarely cite Indigenous Peoples as sources on public interest issues, and 8% say they never do.

• Around 50% of media organizations allocate their airtime/space for public information, followed by cultural practices and public health information and emergencies. 

The management practices and operations of the media industry regarding Indigenous media professionals have the potential for enhancement:

• Indigenous women media professionals are part of the media organizations, but gaps remain: While 35% of Indigenous media reported a majority-female staff, 9% employ no women. In non-Indigenous media, 36% said they employ no Indigenous women at all.

• A worrying 49% of Indigenous media workers reported being exposed to external threats, including online harassment, physical danger, and legal intimidation.

• 60% of non-Indigenous media do not offer specific training to cover Indigenous issues.

• Only 8% of funding in non-Indigenous media have access to direct public funding to cover Indigenous issues. 

To address the identified gaps, UNESCO's study outlines 12 recommendations for governments, media organizations, donors, and international actors. These include strengthening legal recognition of Indigenous media, promoting equitable editorial policies, supporting Indigenous-language media, and ensuring safer, more inclusive working conditions.

UNESCO programmes:

• Indigenous Peoples and the Media
• International Decade of Indigenous Languages (IDIL 2022-2032)
• Media Pluralism and Diversity
• Media Diversity

UN documents:

• Report of the 22nd session of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, 17-28 April 2023 (Ref.: , Paragraph 10)

• Report on the 23rd session of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, 15-26 April 2024 (Ref.: , Paragraph 58)

• UNGA resolution 19 December 2023 (Ref.: , Paragraph 41)
• Human Rights Council, 13 October 2023 (Ref.: , Paragraph 11)

Multistakeholder consultations:  

• and of the multistakeholder event “Creating an enabling environment for free and independent Indigenous Community Media”, 18 April 2023 in New York (USA), organized on the margins of the 22nd session of the UNPFII. 

• and of the multistakeholder event “Launch of a thematic study on Indigenous Peoples and the Media, 19 July 2023 in Geneva (Switzerland), organized on the margins to the 16th session of EMRIP. 

• and of the multistakeholder event “Follow up to the UNPFII recommendations: Indigenous Peoples and the Media”, 18 April 2023 in New York (USA), organized on the margins of the 22nd session of the UNPFII. 

• of the multistakeholder event “Media for Indigenous Peoples: towards a global response for the implementation of Article 16 Media of the UNDRIP”, 25 July 2024 in Oklahoma City (USA), organized on the margins of the Indigenous Media Conference. 

• and article of the Expert Meeting and Media Partnership Forum, 26 and 27 November 2024 in Paris (France), organized at UNESCO Headquarters.