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To identify and, where possible, quantify the economic and social implications of DfA’s increasingly restrictive policies on girls’ and women’s access to education at different levels. The study relies on data from the 2016-17 Afghanistan Living Conditions Survey (ALCS) to model income effects of the education ban for women and girls at the individual, household and national (GDP) level.  

• The economy of Afghanistan is estimated to lose USD 9.6 billion, equivalent to two thirds of today’s GDP, by 2066 if the suspension of women’s access to higher education remains in place. 
• More than 100,000 Afghan women were unable to resume studying in universities, implying a risk of having no replacements for about 600,000 women leaving the workforce over the next 35 years. 
• By 2030, Afghanistan will not have replacements of over 11,000 female teachers following retirement, posing a major challenge to ensuring girls’ education in the country.