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国际地球科学计划新项目将探索地质记录以支持可持续发展
根据2018年2月21日国际地球科学计划（滨骋颁笔）理事会议决定，7个旨在深入了解全球性地学问题的项目将得到该计划支持。国际地球科学计划系由联合国教科文组织和国际地质科学联合会（滨鲍骋厂）于1972年成立联合设立，迄今已支持150个国家的350多个项目，以动员地球科学领域的全球合作，为社会服务。该计划是在地球板块构造及其运动发现之后建立的。
在2月20-21日在教科文巴黎总部召开的IGCP理事会议上，教科文组织自然科学助理总干事Flavia Schlegel 强调：“如今国际地球科学计划为具有社会意义和重要性的地学议题提供了重要的合作平台，尤其是在南北合作和南南合作方面的努力日渐增强。”
今年，教科文组织国际地球科学和地质公园项目迎来新的合作伙伴——韩国济州省开发公司（闯笔顿颁）。双方在理事会议上签署协议，正式确立合作伙伴关系。协议规定，未来5年闯笔顿颁将每年捐赠10万美元，用于支持国际地球科学计划项目和教科文组织世界地质公园。
通过在地球演变历史上的事件之间建立联系，滨骋颁笔支持的研究项目旨在应对我们在保护环境以实现可持续发展的过程中必须面对的挑战。2018年已有27个此类滨骋颁笔项目，包括7个新项目，以及4个尚在进行但不会得到额外资金的项目。新项目名单如下。
地球资源项目
Due to many centuries of agricultural use, essential black soils have deteriorated due to erosion, contamination and salinization, and degradation, threatening their continued use for agriculture. This project focuses on the study of black soils of the global critical zone across Northeast China, North America, and southern Russia-Ukraine, which contribute significantly to global agricultural productivity.
Experts from all over the world will collaborate through this project, using remote sensing and geochemical processes and methods, to make significant advances in our understanding of the causes of soil degradation and devise methods for soil conservation.
全球变化项目
Unlocking the sequence of past events preserved in the geological record informs present and future challenges. The important interval of transition that occurred in the later Cambrian and early Ordovician, some 500 to 450 million years ago, can shed light on the relationship between environmental stress and faunal turnover – or the impacts of global change on life itself. However, our understanding of these systems if blurred by a lack of high-precision temporal resolution.
The project will focus international research effort on the Sibumasu record in its equatorial Gondwanan and global context, in order to further our understanding and our ability to learn from these instructive episodes.
地质灾害项目
Seismotectonics is the study of the relationship between the earthquakes, active tectonics and individual faults of a region. Such studies are necessary in order to assess and mitigate seismic hazard in Africa. This project will improve regional seismotectonic maps that contribute to multidisciplinary seismic hazard and risk assessments, and update a database that was developed in a previous IGCP project on the Seismotectonic Map of Africa (IGCP-601).
The project will also explore the feasibility of real-time seismic risk mitigation in selected pilot-sites, using tools such as Early Earthquake Warning Systems (EEWS). Developing capacities to enable similar studies at the local scale through training and knowledge transfer is another important aspect of the project.
In the high rugged Himalayas, the lowest reaches of glaciers are often covered by a thick layer of rock, dirt and gravel originating from the steep valley sides. These are known as debris-covered glacier tongues. Differential rates of ice melt create spectacular features such as ablation cones, ice cliffs and a myriad of supraglacial lakes. These beautiful features can trigger hazards, including sudden glacial lake outburst floods that can be catastrophic to people living downstream.
Using various types of satellite imagery, combined with terrain analysis, this project will characterize the surface features of these glaciers and map their changes over time, in order to better assess risks. By combining science with community involvement, this project aims to understand the socio-?economic impacts of glacier hazards in high altitude areas where people live.
水文地质项目
Land subsidence increases urban areas’ vulnerability to floods, and also increases other risks by damaging infrastructure, including buildings, roads, bridges, rail transit, flood control walls and underground lines. This project will foster a scientific collaboration programme to develop better understanding of land subsidence globally, especially in developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
The research will focus on the impacts of human activities and sea-level rise, hydro-mechanisms, and monitoring methods of land subsidence in coastal cities. Project results will be transferred to sites in other developing countries. Recommendations stemming from this research will be shared widely to inform planning, construction, and management in coastal cities in order to improve safety.
地球动力学项目
The formation of mountains involves many geological processes collectively called orogenesis. This project will conduct comparative studies of several types of orogens (accretionary and collisional) to better understand the dynamics of Earth’s crust, and particularly the genesis and distribution of mineral deposits (metallogenesis).
It will include a comparative study of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), one of the world’s largest accretionary orogeny, which spans from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean across six nations, and has evolved over some 800 million years, and the Tethyan orogenic belt, the world’s youngest extensive collisional and metallogenic belt, as well as other composite orogens. The study may lead to the discovery of new deposits. More than 13 countries will be involved in the project, which will enhance cooperation among scientists from diverse socio-economic and political contexts.
The project will document the entire history of plate tectonics of our planet, with increasing details toward present times. It will develop a digital map, encompassing all of the successive orogens, and displaying their evolution over time independently. The map will include a focused legend on the key element of a “Generic Mountain Range”.
The project will also develop tools to visualize the formation and evolution of continents and the implications on the distribution of earth resources, seismic hazard, and global change. It will have a strong educational impact and be designed as a ludic tool useful for students and teachers in remote places of the World.
滨骋颁笔理事会成员还审查了计划去年取得的成果。在2017年，超过3380名专家在21个滨骋颁笔项目的框架内进行了合作；46％的参与者是年轻科学家（35岁以下），47％来自发展中国家，29％为女性。
在实现各自项目目标时，他们共发表了300篇科研论文，并为实现“2030年可持续发展议程”贡献了知识。
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