Share of women among total researchers by country, 1996–2018 (%) 
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The shaded region illustrates gender parity, where women account for 45% to 55% of researchers. Below that line, women are underrepresented in the research workforce relative to their presence in the population. Above that line, women are overrepresented.
More countries are starting to report gender data
Globally, women make up 33.3% of researchers (in head counts), according to data from the for 107 countries covering the years 2015–2018.
More countries are collecting and reporting sex-disaggregated data on researchers than 20 years ago, as this ‾·±ð³¾´Ç²Ô²õ³Ù°ù²¹³Ù±ð²õ.&²Ô²ú²õ±è;
However, large data gaps remain. Sex-disaggregated data on researchers are not being collected regularly by most countries in the Caribbean, Oceania, South Asia, Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, or by the populous countries of Bangladesh, Brazil, India and Nigeria. Moreover, UNESCO estimates exclude North America and China on account of the international incomparability of these data. The observed data gaps make it difficult to draw conclusions for most regions.
There are sufficient data, however, to confirm the trend observed in the previous  towards gender parity in Central Asia, Southeast Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean.
These findings are drawn from a chapter in the UNESCO Science Report titled ‘To be smart, the digital revolution will need to be inclusive’. This chapter was published on 11 February 2021 to mark the .
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Note: The share of female researchers is based on head count data. See Annex 5 for details. Data are not available for all countries. 
Source: UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development (2021), data sourced from UNESCO Institute for Statistics and animated by Values Associates  
Research and higher education data
